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Differences between condos and co-ops
When purchasing a condominium, you are buying a home that is part of an association.The association typically has rules and by laws and is managed by a Board of Managers.There are common areas that are maintained by the association. This maintenance is paid for by a monthly payment by the association members, referred to as "common charges."
While most condo associations maintain a right of first refusal to buy the unit from a selling member, it is usually waived by the Board of Managers. The Board of Managers' involvement in the transfer is minimal. The transfer of a condominium unit does not have to be approved by the Condominium Board. Real estate taxes are typically assessed against each individual unit and are paid by the unit owners. A condominium unit is considered real property. Thus, a deed is used to convey the unit, and title insurance is normally purchased. Title insurance will certainly be required by the lender if the buyer is mortgaging the property. In New York State, the mortgage recording tax is required to be paid by the purchaser and transfer taxes paid by the seller.
When purchasing a co-op, you are not purchasing real property,but are buying shares in a corporation that owns the building and common areas. A certain number of shares is allocated to each unit (usually based on the size of the apartment). A lease for a perpetual term is provided to each shareholder for the particular unit that he or she is buying. Each shareholder pays a monthly charge known as maintenance. This payment is for taxes on the building and land, insurance on the buildings, a portion of the mortgage on the building, and for maintaining the common areas.
If a bank finances the purchase of a co-op unit, there is no mortgage, but a security agreement whereby the bank holds the stock and lease as collateral. A financing statement is filed rather than a mortgage. Therefore, no mortgage tax is required to be paid by the buyer. However, New York State (and New York City ) still requires a seller to pay transfer tax, even though the transfer of a co-op is technically not a transfer of real property. Some apartment corporations require payment of a fee known as a flip tax upon the transfer of a co-op unit. Title insurance is not require on co-ops, but is available.
Almost all co-op transfers must be approved by the apartment corporation's Board of Directors. Buyers must submit an application package detailing their assets, liabilities, income, and debts. Once the application package is submitted, the buyer must meet with the Board of Directors and receive its final approval before the transfer can take place.
This article is intended to be a brief summary of some of the fundamental differences between condos and co-ops. It does not encompass all of the issues that one might encounter when either purchasing or selling a condo or co-op. Should you have any specific questions on this subject, please feel free to contact our office.
Health insurance
Important in a divorce settlement
As costs rise and companies shift more expenses to employees, maintaining good health- insurance coverage is important to everyone. It is particularly important that divorcing spouses who receive alimony and child support maintain adequate health-... insurance coverages and payments to assure financial security for themselves and their children. Medical insurance can be employer-provided, purchased privately, or obtained from Medicare or Medicaid. Divorce is also considered a "qualifying event" for health-care benefits under the Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1985, which entitles a divorced partner to continue receiving coverage in an employer's group health plan for a limited time. Because no one should proceed without medical coverage, attorneys recommend that settlements include stipulations for continuing health-insurance protection for separating or divorcing spouses and children. In many cases, one or both spouses can provide it at affordable cost through employer group coverages. In some cases, divorced spouses may purchase additional health coverage to protect themselves and their children.
Debt management
Someone wisely said, "You are wealthy not in proportion to what you own, but how much you can borrow."
Carrying reasonable debt is usually financially healthy. Most families can manage a mortgage, car payments, and other long-term indebtedness without difficulty.
But if you foresee potential problems with debt, or if you are uncomfortable with your level of debt, you can do three things:
Reduce high-interest credit card debt. Credit cards are convenient and safe, and some offer protection and cash-back plans. Danger enters when charges exceed holders' ability to repay.
Prepay mortgages. Almost painless, prepaying most mortgages can generate formidable savings. On a 30-year, 7 1/4 percent $125,000 mortgage, adding an extra $100payment monthly can save nearly $60,000 and pay off the debt in eight fewer years.
Borrow against home equity. Home equity loans are fast and easy to obtain. Interest rates are competitive, and interest payments are often deductible. Talk to your financial adviser about managing family debt.
B U S I N E S S P U R C H A S E S
What is due "diligence?"
When purchasing a business, a buyer exercises "due diligence" by conducting a careful examination of a business investment opportunity in terms of its financial situation, management, operations, image, and other "values." A buyer's financial and legal counsel can help with the following "due diligence" requirements:
Cash flow: controls, historical/projected
Competitors: strengths and weaknesses
Contracts: leases, agreements, rentals
Customer base: stability and growth prospects
Documents: incorporation, bylaws, board minutes
Employees: management and hourly, wages, benefits, retirement, employment contracts
Fiscals: audits, business plans, contingencies, contractual commitments, financial statements, hidden costs, letters of counsel
Good will: image and reputation
Legal: compliance, lawsuits
Legislation: federal, state, and local regulatory impact
Marketing: strategies, sales programs, advertising, public relations
Patents and licenses: intellectual property issues, trademarks
Regulatory requirements: documentation, compliance, fines
Risk management: practices, exposure, fraud prevention
Securities: stock, stockholders, proxies, debt
Tax: history and liabilities
Vendors: adequacy and strengths
Home-office businesses
Enterprising individuals start home-office businesses for many reasons. They may have a great marketing idea, want freedom from employers, have been downsized, or are bored with retirement.
Whatever the reason, operating a commercial enterprise from one's home requires thinking some elements through:
Business entity
An attorney can counsel on various aspects of forming a sole proprietorship, partnership, or "S" or other corporation, including...
♦Appropriateness
♦Benefits
♦Sales
♦Taxation
♦Name search
Municipal and zoning regulations
An attorney also can advise on licenses and approvals.
Permissible home businesses, such as public relations, beauty salon, music instruction, and others
♦Square-footage caps
♦Hours-of-operation restrictions
♦On- and off-street parking regulations
♦Staff-size limitations
♦Business-entrance location rules
♦Advertising signage guidelines
Naming a business
Legal implications
Determining a business's name has obvious identification and marketing consequences. For instance, a name should be descriptive, memorable, and lend itself to logo, advertising, and selling applications.
However, the identity of a well-named commercial enterprise will also measure up to a number of legal implications. These may include selecting a name which...
►has never been registered with state authorities.
►is not a previously trademarked name.
►does not infringe on any other businesses' names.
►plainly signifies the business's operation.
►complies with state requirements for sole proprietorships, general and limited
►partnerships, "S" and other corporations, and limited liability companies.
►meets federal and state "doing business as"regulations.
►may be registered as an Internet domain name.
►An attorney can guide a business owner through name selection and approval by
authorities.
ABC Tutoring
Lobsters
Epress Printing
Happy Hour Inn
Healing Hands
Massage
Ken's Karate KIasses
OFFROADERÕS
Mountain Bikes
Paige Turner's Books
Smith Plumbing
The Dance Floor
The Mane Event
Wilson, CPA
DOCK HOUSE
C U S T O M E R S E R V I C E
Client satisfaction
Nothing is more important to our practice than client satisfaction with our legal services. Here are a number of steps we take to achieve it:
►Personal attention to every client matter
►Accessible and courteous staff
►Clear communication and complete information
►Prompt responses to questions
►Solution- oriented skills, legal library, and computer capabilities
►Referrals to other specialists to meet client needs
►High-speed, high-tech office equipment
►Comprehensive and under stand able billing
►Convenient payment plans
►A conveniently located office
►Adequate parking
►Handicap access
I'm being sued!
What should I do?
If you or your business is served with a summons or notice of complaint, a plaintiff has filed a legal accusation in court against your business.
First, read the petition carefully to understand who has filed it and what it may entail. Second, contact legal counsel immediately. An attorney will help you understand the filing of legal papers and counsel you on how to respond. An attorney's advice may encompass:
►the reason you are being sued ►details of the complaint ►how much time you have to reply or seek an extension ►date of a hearing ►evidence required to defend your case ►legal and other options, which may include making ►out-of-court settlement offers, filing counter complaints, seeking arbitration or mediation, going to trial, or taking other approaches ►court, legal, and decision costs ►insurance coverages ► Every complaint is different ►Contact our firm for counsel
"PHARMING"
A new identity theft
W e've all heard of identity theft from "phishing" sending e-mails to users, under the pretense of coming from a financial in situation, with the goal of obtaining passwords and other personal information to loot accounts.
"Pharming" takes identity-theft deceit a nasty step further. First, an account holder receives a phony "pharming" e-mail asking for verification of account information. Second, the "phishing"-wary account holder then surfs to what he or she believes to be his or her actual financial or credit-card Web site.
The third step is the sting. If the account holder failed to delete the original scamming e-mail, they are in trouble. Wrongdoers' secretly loaded software redirects the second search to a real-looking, but phony, Web site. The account holder then logs on, providing the criminals with account access data. Scammers steal from that account.
There's a way account holders can be more assured they are at a correct, secure Web site. Look at the Web site identification. Secure Web site names begin with "https," and not "http," as a counterfeit Web site might read. There's also as mall padlock icon at the bottom edge of a secure Web site screen. |